Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78)

J. L. Thussu ¹

Affiliations
1 Geological Survey of India, Central Region, Nagpur, IN

Abstract

Haryana primarily an agricultural State is rapidly transforming into an industrial State. Most part of the area in the State is occupied by vast stretches of Quaternary Alluvial plains separating the rocks of Delhi Supergroup in the south and west and Siwalik in the northeast. Various geomorphic landforms have been identified. Central Alluvial Plains occupy about ninety five percent of the total area of the State while the hard rocks are exposed only in five percent of the total area. Based on geological, geomorphological set up and geochemical studies, it has been possible to conclude that the potential environmental hazards distinctly differ in each land form. Two types of environmental hazards, viz., natural hazards and biotic or anthropogenic hazards have been recognised. The natural hazards, viz., salinity, salt efflorescence, sand remobilisation, bad land and water logging mainly affect the Central Alluvial Plains, while biotic or anthropogenic hazards, viz., mining, quarrying, wastage disposal, leakage from canals and excess drawal of water affect all the geomorphic landforms. Effective management controls have been suggested to mitigate the natural hazards and proper planning measures to control biotic hazards.

Keywords

Environmental Geology, Quaternary Alluvial Plains, Natural and Anthropogenic Hazards, Haryana.

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T. M. Ganesan ¹, J. L. Thussu ²

Affiliations
1 Geological Survey of India, Bhutan Unit,. Chamurchi Post, Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal, IN
2 Geological Survey of India, Bhutan Unit,. Chamurchi Post, Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal., IN

Abstract

The Deoban structural belt of the Tons Valley is lithostratigraphically divided into three Groups-the lower Dharagad Group, the middle Deoban Group and the upper Jaunsar and Simla Groups. The contact between the Dharagad and Deoban Groups is an angular unconformity, while the one between Deoban and Sirnlajfaunsar Groups varies from disconformity to paraconformity. The rocks of the Jaunsar Group are thrust over Deoban and Simla Groups along the south hading Tons thrust.

The Sherar syncline, a prominent, NE-SW trending doubly plunging syncline, affecting the Deoban and Simla Groups and truncated by the northwest trending main Himalayan folds is considered a remnant fold of an earlier orogeny.

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J. L. Thussu ¹

Affiliations
1 383, Sector 21B, Faridabad -121001, Haryana, IN

Abstract

Lithostratigraphy of the Indogangetic Plains in Haryana has been attempted on the basis of borehole data. Three geomorphic units have been identified. These show contrasting lithologies. Older sediments, represented by fans and piedmonts, essentially consist of a sequence of very coarse sediments. The Central Alluvial Plains (Ambala Older Alluvium) holds the bulk of the Quaternary sediments. Clay forms the dominant lithology in the southern part while alternate layers of sand and clay are predominant in the northern part. The main fluvial system seems to be in the northern part of the Central Alluvial Plain. Bulk of these sediments have been deposited under quiet condition with prolonged periods of semiarid type of climate. The occurrence of Quaternary sediments below the m.s.l. has been inferred due to faulting along WNW-ESE to E-W direction. Reactivation along north-south lineaments has also been inferred.

Keywords

Indo-Gangetjc Plains, Quaternary, Lithostratigraphy, Sedimentation, Haryana.

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J. L. Thussu ¹

Affiliations
1 Geological Survey of India, Faridabad 121 001, IN

Abstract

Groundwater forms one of the primary resources for developmental activity. Several interrelated processes control the chemical composition of the water and it is essential to understand these processes in order to arrive at the genesis of waters and suggest remedial measures. Groundwater has been classified and correlated on the basis of distribution at cations and anions. The major part of water is meteoric but other types including marine and from evaporitic sequences and stagnant waters have been inferred. The index of base exchange is negative for meteoric water is while it is positive for other types. Factor analysis has been used to determine the influence of causal factors that are responsible for variation. These variations have helped in identifying mutual relationship of various elements viz F Ca Na, SiO₂ NO₃ and PO₄. Occurrence of saline zones has been defined on the basis of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Electrical Conductance (EC). Use of gypsum has been suggested for removal of salinity. It is inferred that salinity has increased because of passage of water through evaporitic deposits occuring in depth in sediments and bedrock. Flushing the salts from affected land is not possible because of inland basinal conditions and absence of effective drainage. It is therefore, suggested to mine these salts as a crop. Suitable ion exchange techniques should be developed for extraction of salts from the saline water.

Keywords

Salinity, Groundwater, Causes and Origin, Haryana.

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J. L. Thussu ¹

Affiliations
1 Geological Survey of India, Nagpur-440006, IN

Abstract

The NNE-SSW trending Sohna valley in southeastern Haryana, ranges in elevation from nearly 200 m in the southwest to about 190 m in the northeast. An isolated hillock occurs as an inselberg at Indri with an altitude of 270 m. The bedrock occurs below the present day rn.s.1. around the inselberg. The area represents an elevated land subjected to normal denudation up to Pleistocene as no sedimentation has been recorded over the Neoproterozoic rocks. Analysis of the borehole data suggests that the deepening of the bedrock around Indri inselberg was caused by a combination of subsidence due to reactivation of N-S and NNE-SSW trending faults and denudation in early Pleistocene which continued into Holocene.

Keywords

Inselbergs, Graben, Quaternary, Sohna Valley, Haryana.

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